Exercises in Reducing Parkinson's Symptoms

چکیده مقاله Exercises in Reducing Parkinson's Symptoms Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms that significantly impair functional independence and quality of life. While pharmacological treatments offer symptomatic relief, complementary non-pharmacological interventions particularly structured physical exercise have demonstrated substantial benefits in managing PD symptoms. However, little is known about the relative cost-effectiveness of different exercise modalities. This study aimed to compare the cost-effectiveness of resistance training, balance training, and aerobic exercise in reducing motor symptoms of PD, based on recent clinical and economic literature between 2000 and 2025. A systematic review and comparative analysis were conducted using peer-reviewed studies, clinical trials, and economic evaluations. Outcomes included clinical effectiveness (e.g., improvement in UPDRS-III, gait speed, fall risk) and cost-effectiveness measures such as cost per unit symptom improvement and cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY). Where available, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERS) were synthesized and compared across exercise types. Resistance training was found to be the most cost-effective in improving motor strength and function, particularly in short-term, high-intensity protocols. Aerobic training also showed strong clinical benefits in gait and cardiovascular health, though its cost-effectiveness varied depending on supervision and equipment requirements. Balance training was especially effective for reducing fall risk and improving postural control, but showed less overall motor symptom improvement when used alone. Combined interventions targeting multiple domains demonstrated promising value but lacked sufficient long-term economic evaluation. All three exercise modalities provide clinically meaningful benefits in PD management. Resistance and aerobic training generally offer higher cost-effectiveness for motor symptom improvement, while balance training is critical for fall prevention and safety. Health systems and clinicians should consider integrating multimodal, tailored exercise programs to optimize both clinical outcomes and resource utilization in Parkinson's disease care.